Change in the angle of vision - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 17 Words: 5233 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Analytics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? DOES THE CHANGE IN THE ANGLE OF VISION (FROM NORMAL TO PERIPHERAL) EFFECT THE TIME TAKEN TO DETECT MOTION AND COLOR? ABSTRACT: My research question is based on the eye. Does the change in the angle of vision (from normal to peripheral) effect the time taken to detect motion and color? It is often seen that people find it difficult to see from the periphery of their eye and I will test this with two very simple and basic experiments. One of the experiments was performed on the computer and the other was performed with the aid of a 30 cm ruler. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Change in the angle of vision" essay for you Create order In the first experiment, which was to detect color, the person had to click the stop button when the color changed and in the second experiment, which was to detect motion, a person would stand and drop the ruler and the other person would catch it. What made this challenging was the fact that it was performed at various different angles of 0, 30, 60 and 90 to the left and right side. I took the left side to be -30, -60 and -90. Then I had to perform the t-test on the values obtained and then compare the two experiments. What I found was that in most of the cases the angle of vision did affect the vision and that peripheral vision could detect motion better than color. This, I found out, is because of the difference in the t-values between the angles and also by the t-table value. I have also found through this experiment that motion is detected better compared to color. Theoretically and practically, this is because the rods are insensitive to color and more sensitive to movement as the pigment does not absorb color. CHAPTER 1: 1.1: RESEARCH QUESTION: DOES THE CHANGE IN THE ANGLE OF VISION (FROM NORMAL TO PERIPHERAL) EFFECT THE TIME TAKEN TO DETECT MOTION AND COLOR? 1.2: WHY I CHOSE THE TOPIC? The human eye has always been a very intricate structure to understand and as a student of biology I have always wished to study the structure in detail. I have sought after finding out how such a small organ can be very vital for a human being and help them in their everyday life as it is estimated that 2/3rd of the information registered in the brain is due to the eye. The eye is a very sensitive organ therefore it is confined in three layers: the sclerotic coat which is the outer most coat and is a tough white layer before the cornea which helps the light to enter in the eye and also bends the rays for focusing, the choroid coat which is the middle layer and has a pigment called melanin which reduces the reflection of the rays and since it forms the layer before the iris it is also responsible for the color of the eye and the retina is the innermost layer of the eye which consist of the rod and the cones which are photoreceptors and are responsible for the images we see. 1.3: BACKGROUND RESEARCH: The retina being the innermost layer of the eye covers 4/5th of the rear of the eye and has the light-sensitive receptors which are rods and three types of cones: cones absorbing long wavelength (red) middle wavelength (green) and short wavelength (blue) light which are about 565 nm, 535 nm and 440 nm[1] in size respectively and they are defined as loosely because (1) the names refer to peak sensitivities which are related to ability to absorb light rather than to the way the pigments would appear if we were to look at them; (2) monochromatic lights whose wavelengths are as mentioned above are not blue, green, and red but violet, blue-green, and yellow-green; and (3) if cones of only one type had to be stimulated we would not perceive blue, green, or red but probably violet, green, and yellowish-red instead.[2] Rods and cones have specific pigments on their tips used for light absorption and image formation. The receptors also contain transmembrane proteins called opsin and also reti nal[3] which is a prosthetic group and they are derivatives of vitamin A. Rods record images of the shades of grey and they respond only in dim light and therefore the rods work at night. Rods do not respond to color, which is why there is difficulty in viewing colors in the dark. Also they are highly sensitive to low intensity light[4] and have a pigment called rhodopsin (gene present on chromosome 3)[5] or visual purple, which renew mainly in the dark. Cones record color images and are abundant in the fovea centralis and work mainly in bright light[6] and therefore work during the day and cones have three types of pigment called cyanolabe, chlorolabe and erythrolabe[7] which absorb blue, green and red light respectively. These pigments are renewed at a greater speed than the pigments on the rods. Each eye has approximately 120 million rods and 6-7 million cones[8]. Both rods and cones have vitamin A along with their other pigments, which is why deficiency of vitamin A will result in blindness. The intensity of light affects the rods and cones to a great extent as they function only according to the light provided. It is due to the cones that we are able to see more than 200 colors[9]. Rods are used to get images from the peripheral vision, which is why the image received by the rods is not very sharp. Rods are not concentrated in only one part of the retina like the cones. Since rods are sensitive to dim light, faint objects are seen more clearly from a peripheral vision. The cones are mainly gathered around the macula lutea otherwise called macula, which helps in giving very precise and sharp images of scenes at which the eye is directly aimed especially in bright light, as cones do not function in dim light. The fovea is not supplied with blood vessels like the rest of the retina which helps the cones to form as sharper image as there is no disruption in the vision and perceiving of the image whereas the rest of the retina is richly supplied with blood ves sels which is why the image is not very sharp and is slightly disrupted. Color blindness is one of the diseases that occur when the pigments present in the cones are in an abnormal state. The diagram[10] below shows the arrangements of the rods and cones: The ventral stream[11] (purple) is important in color recognition. The dorsal stream[12] (green) is also shown. They originate from a common source in the visual cortex. Visual information is then sent back via the optic nerve to the optic chiasm: a point where the two optic nerves meet and information is sent to the other side of the brain. A given cell that might respond best to long wavelength light if the light is relatively bright might then become responsive to all wavelengths if the stimulus is relatively dim. Some scientists believe that a different, relatively small, population of neurons may be responsible for color vision. These specialized neurons have receptive fields that can calculate the cone ratios. A physical color is a combination of pure spectral colors[13] in the visible range. Since there are many distinctly visible spectral colors, the set of the physical colors can be imagined as an infinite-dimensional vector space. In general, there is no such thing as a com bination of spectral colors that we perceive; instead there are infinitely many possibilities. An object that absorbs some of the light reaching it and reflects the rest is called a pigment. If some wavelengths in the range of visible light are absorbed more than others, the pigment appears to us to be colored. The color perceived by us is not simply a matter of wavelength; it depends on wavelength content and on the properties of our visual system. The light that falls on the retina for straight vision is observed by the rods and cones and is sent to the optic nerves as electrical impulses and it reaches the brain after which it is sent back and we perceive the image brought by the impulse. For peripheral vision, the cones mainly perceive the light that falls on the retina and the impulse is sent through the optic nerve. The processing of the pathway of light is the same the main difference being that in straight vision, both perceive the light whereas in peripheral vision, it is t he cones that work more when compared to rods. CHAPTER 2: METHODS: 2.1: HYPOTHESIS: 1. There is no difference in the time taken to detect color and movement between straight and peripheral vision- NULL HYPOTHESIS 2. There is a difference in the time taken to detect color and movement between straight and peripheral vision- POSITIVE HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT: 1: With increase in angle of vision there is no effect on the time taken to detect color or motion. 1. With increase in angle of vision there is a difference between the time taken to detect color or motion- Positive hypothesis. 2. With increase in angle of vision there is no difference between the time taken to detect color or motion- Null hypothesis. EXPERIMENT: 2: Peripheral vision does not show any difference in detecting color or vision. 1. There is a difference in detecting color or motion with peripheral vision- Positive hypothesis. 2. There is no difference in detecting color or motion with peripheral vision- Null hypothesis. 2.2: EXPERIMENT: To determine the angle and the time at which color and motion can be detected with the least time. 2.3: MATERIALS: 1. A 30 cm ruler 4. Post-it flags to measure angles and mark them 2. Angle chart 5. People 3. Graph that converts cm to time DIAGRAM: ANGLE CHART: 2.4: PROCEDURE: 1. Hold the ruler in front of the person experimenting and make them stand at a certain angle of 0, 30, 60 or 90. 2. From the angle at which the person is standing, hold the ruler and then without telling the person, drop the ruler. 3. Mark the cm at which the person catches the ruler and then calculate the time at which the person reacted by using a graph, which converts cm to time. 4. Mark the angles on a wall in front of the person sitting with post-its. 5. Make the person sit and observe the screen at different angles of 0, 30, 60 and 90 on either side. 6. Make the person concentrate on the screen at one angle at a time and then when the screen shows green color, tell the person to click when she or he sees it.[14] 7. Record the time that appears on the screen. 2.5: ERRORS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPROVEMENTS: ERRORS SIGNIFICANCE IMPROVEMENTS 1. Difference in angles each time the experiment is performed and also the differences in angles when a person is viewing the screen. Due to difference in angles, it can either make it difficult or easier for color detection, which will alter the time readings and therefore the average. The use of an angle chart in front of the person will help know the precise angle and therefore will not alter the readings or the average of time it took. 2. It is not very frequently seen that a computer makes a mistake but it is possible. In this case the readings will be different and it will affect the average. There is no improvement as such for this problem but repeating the experiment 5-6 times and taking the average can help overcome it. 3. If the ruler has some lines missing the measurement will not be taken accurately. This may result in wrong readings and therefore result in the time and experiment going wrong. The use of a brand new ruler will help get accurate readings as no lines would be blurred and it will be clear to see. 4. Observing the correct distance in cm at which the person has held the ruler after dropping. To take the average, even the slightest mistake or wrong reading can alter the results. Measuring should be very accurate. Once the person has caught the ruler, it should be measured and the error should be noted. 5. The graph used for converting distance to time may not be very accurate. This may result in the calculation of wrong time and therefore may alter the results. Using an electronic graph, if available, is recommended as it reduces the chances of errors. 2.6: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: MEAN: It is the average of the readings of each of the degrees in the data tables. STANDARD DEVIATION: It is a measure of the individual observations and their dispersed nature around the mean. FORMULA: Formula[15] T-VALUE: It is the remainder of the mean of set a and set b divided by the square root of the sum of the square of the standard deviation of set a by the number of readings in set a and the square of the standard deviation of set b by the number of readings in set b. FORMULA: Degree of Freedom = (n1+n2)-2 = (25+25)-2 = 48. Value of t from the table: (2 tailed tvalue) Take the value closest which is 45: [16] At 0.05= 2.01 CHAPTER 3: DATA TABLES: 1. OBSERVATION OF COLOR AND TIME TAKEN: OBSERVATION 1: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK (ms) 90 GREEN 433 60 GREEN 428 30 GREEN 367.8 0 GREEN 215.6 -30 GREEN 302.2 -60 GREEN 375 -90 GREEN 434.8 OBSERVATION 2: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 448.4 60 GREEN 403.8 30 GREEN 367.2 0 GREEN 202.2 -30 GREEN 397 -60 GREEN 402 -90 GREEN 445 OBSERVATION 3: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 450.8 60 GREEN 300.4 30 GREEN 262.4 0 GREEN 207.8 -30 GREEN 260.8 -60 GREEN 305 -90 GREEN 443.4 OBSERVATION 4: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 425.8 60 GREEN 405 30 GREEN 389.4 0 GREEN 283 -30 GREEN 369.8 -60 GREEN 409.8 -90 GREEN 430.4 OBSERVATION 5: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 428.2 60 GREEN 412.4 30 GREEN 262.8 0 GREEN 243.8 -30 GREEN 250.2 -60 GREEN 281.2 -90 GREEN 325.2 OBSERVATION 6: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 309.4 60 GREEN 268.8 30 GREEN 262.4 0 GREEN 234.4 -30 GREEN 290.6 -60 GREEN 359.2 -90 GREEN 394 OBSERVATION 7: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 365.6 60 GREEN 297 30 GREEN 294 0 GREEN 209.4 -30 GREEN 253.4 -60 GREEN 275 -90 GREEN 296.6 OBSERVATION 8: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 368.6 60 GREEN 358.4 30 GREEN 284.6 0 GREEN 235.4 -30 GREEN 297.6 -60 GREEN 353 -90 GREEN 365.6 OBSERVATION 9: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 380.4 60 GREEN 367.6 30 GREEN 289.2 0 GREEN 288.6 -30 GREEN 390.2 -60 GREEN 361.4 -90 GREEN 384.4 OBSERVATION 10: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 420.4 60 GREEN 369.6 30 GREEN 299 0 GREEN 268.2 -30 GREEN 308.4 -60 GREEN 368.6 -90 GREEN 393.4 OBSERVATION 11: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 347.4 60 GREEN 317.4 30 GREEN 237.8 0 GREEN 237.2 -30 GREEN 306.8 -60 GREEN 409.2 -90 GREEN 349.2 OBSERVATION 12: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 364.6 60 GREEN 327.8 30 GREEN 318.4 0 GREEN 286 -30 GREEN 355.6 -60 GREEN 369.2 -90 GREEN 429.8 OBSERVATION 13: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 333.6 60 GREEN 268.6 30 GREEN 253.2 0 GREEN 237.2 -30 GREEN 390.4 -60 GREEN 450.2 -90 GREEN 565 OBSERVATION 14: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 344 60 GREEN 272 30 GREEN 215.6 0 GREEN 215.2 -30 GREEN 232 -60 GREEN 311 -90 GREEN 398 OBSERVATION 15: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 321.4 60 GREEN 302.4 30 GREEN 277.6 0 GREEN 249.6 -30 GREEN 280.6 -60 GREEN 296.6 -90 GREEN 455.8 OBSERVATION 16: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 305.6 60 GREEN 271.8 30 GREEN 252.6 0 GREEN 236.6 -30 GREEN 252.6 -60 GREEN 340 -90 GREEN 355.8 OBSERVATION 17: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 309 60 GREEN 301.8 30 GREEN 299.6 0 GREEN 296.6 -30 GREEN 300.6 -60 GREEN 306.2 -90 GREEN 347.2 OBSERVATION 18: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 355 60 GREEN 347 30 GREEN 318.2 0 GREEN 297.6 -30 GREEN 306.4 -60 GREEN 323.6 -90 GREEN 366 OBSERVATION 19: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 571.6 60 GREEN 470.4 30 GREEN 321.8 0 GREEN 292.6 -30 GREEN 345.4 -60 GREEN 351.2 -90 GREEN 428.2 OBSERVATION 20: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 339.8 60 GREEN 318.6 30 GREEN 306.8 0 GREEN 286 -30 GREEN 322.2 -60 GREEN 339.8 -90 GREEN 347.4 OBSERVATION 21: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 360.4 60 GREEN 351.4 30 GREEN 339 0 GREEN 301.2 -30 GREEN 327 -60 GREEN 356.8 -90 GREEN 362 OBSERVATION 22: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 472 60 GREEN 418.8 30 GREEN 392 0 GREEN 353.6 -30 GREEN 379.6 -60 GREEN 402 -90 GREEN 451 OBSERVATION 23: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 367 60 GREEN 351 30 GREEN 339.8 0 GREEN 316 -30 GREEN 333 -60 GREEN 375.6 -90 GREEN 391.8 OBSERVATION 24: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 425 60 GREEN 412.6 30 GREEN 376.8 0 GREEN 329.8 -30 GREEN 357 -60 GREEN 385.4 -90 GREEN 401.2 OBSERVATION 25: DEGREE OF ANGLE COLOR TIME TAKEN TO CLICK 90 GREEN 297 60 GREEN 256 30 GREEN 223.8 0 GREEN 189.2 -30 GREEN 216.2 -60 GREEN 239.6 -90 GREEN 262 2. OBSERVATION OF DISTANCE AND TIME: OBSERVATION 1: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 25.4 225 60 19 196 30 18.2 192 0 14.8 175 -30 20.2 203 -60 23.7 213 -90 27 231 OBSERVATION 2: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 25.8 227 60 24.1 220 30 20.2 203 0 18.1 192 -30 19.9 201 -60 22.7 216 -90 25.5 225 OBSERVATION 3: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 29.6 240 60 27 231 30 22 210 0 14.3 169 -30 19.8 199 -60 25.4 225 -90 28.9 239 OBSERVATION 4: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 27.6 238 60 25 212 30 18.4 193 0 15.2 179 -30 17.9 190 -60 23.9 218 -90 27 231 OBSERVATION 5: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 27.6 238 60 22.9 218 30 17.4 183 0 13.7 169 -30 18.2 192 -60 21 208 -90 28.2 237 OBSERVATION 6: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 29.1 239 60 27.6 231 30 22.9 218 0 14.3 169 -30 20.8 209 -60 25.3 223 -90 28.5 239 OBSERVATION 7: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 23.3 217 60 19.8 199 30 16 181 0 12.9 165 -30 17.2 189 -60 20.4 206 -90 24.6 221 OBSERVATION 8: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 27.3 229 60 24.9 225 30 18.7 196 0 16.4 181 -30 17.3 187 -60 23.7 213 -90 28.1 237 OBSERVATION 9: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 25.5 225 60 22.8 216 30 18.9 200 0 15.2 179 -30 17.4 183 -60 22 209 -90 24.7 220 OBSERVATION 10: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 27.5 231 60 22.6 215 30 19.3 198 0 13.2 168 -30 17.4 183 -60 22.8 216 -90 26.1 228 OBSERVATION 11: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 25.6 226 60 19.8 199 30 14.9 176 0 10.3 150 -30 15.1 178 -60 18.2 192 -90 25.8 227 OBSERVATION 12: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 27.8 235 60 20.1 201 30 14.2 171 0 12.9 165 -30 14.5 168 -60 18.7 196 -90 26.3 229 OBSERVATION 13: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 26.5 226 60 23.6 217 30 20.5 205 0 18.2 192 -30 20.2 203 -60 25.1 222 -90 26.9 231 OBSERVATION 14: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 25.6 226 60 20.1 201 30 17.8 189 0 13.6 165 -30 18.2 192 -60 19.9 201 -90 25.1 222 OBSERVATION 15: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 23.6 217 60 19.1 198 30 16.2 182 0 15.9 179 -30 16.4 181 -60 20 204 -90 24.5 220 OBSERVATION 16: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 21.3 209 60 20.1 201 30 16.6 184 0 12.5 160 -30 16.9 182 -60 21.2 207 -90 24.4 219 OBSERVATION 17: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 23.1 216 60 19.7 199 30 14.3 169 0 9.8 142 -30 14.6 170 -60 18.4 193 -90 22.9 218 OBSERVATION 18: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 26.4 225 60 17.6 187 30 14.8 175 0 10.7 153 -30 14.5 168 -60 17.3 187 -90 24.9 225 OBSERVATION 19: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 26.2 223 60 23.5 217 30 19.7 199 0 17.3 187 -30 18.4 193 -60 23.8 216 -90 27.9 235 OBSERVATION 20: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 20.3 203 60 17.8 189 30 16.4 180 0 13.6 165 -30 16.9 182 -60 18.5 195 -90 21.7 204 OBSERVATION 21: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 23.9 218 60 20.4 206 30 18.2 192 0 17.6 187 -30 19.5 199 -60 21.3 209 -90 25.1 222 OBSERVATION 22: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 21.7 204 60 18.1 192 30 16.5 183 0 12.4 158 -30 16.8 181 -60 17.2 189 -90 20.9 205 OBSERVATION 23: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 26.5 226 60 22.7 216 30 17.8 188 0 14.6 170 -30 17.9 190 -60 23.4 215 -90 27.3 229 OBSERVATION 24: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 22.4 210 60 20.1 201 30 18.9 200 0 17.2 181 -30 19.3 198 -60 21.5 208 -90 23.7 213 OBSERVATION 25: DEGREE OF ANGLE DISTANCE (cm) TIME 90 24.9 225 60 24.2 218 30 19.6 207 0 16.3 180 -30 18.5 195 -60 23.8 216 -90 24.7 220 CHAPTER 4: DATA PROCESSING: 1. COLOR- GREEN: DEGREE MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION 90 381.76 64.36 60 343.944 59.70 30 302.072 50.82 0 260.512 43.72 -30 313.024 51.68 -60 349.664 49.07 -90 392.928 60.90 T-VALUES: 0-30: 2.8952363 0-60: 3.4570507 0-90: 2.6052811 30-60: 0.5618144 30-90: -0.2899552 60-90: -0.8517696 0- -30: 2.0256836 0- -60: -3.3830509 0- -90: 0 -30- -60: -5.4087345 -30- -90: 2.0256836 -60- -90: 3.3830509 2. DISTANCE (cm): DEGREE MEAN STANDARD DEVIATION 90 223.92 10.32 60 208.2 12.56 30 192.96 13.92 0 171.2 12.81 -30 188.64 11.09 -60 208.84 12.30 -90 225.08 9.38 T-VALUES: 0-30: -18.5596207 0-60: 14.455333 0-90: 53.1980438 30-60: 33.014954 30-90: 34.6384231 60-90: -67.6563771 0- -30: -13.1820298 0- -60: -16.0648178 0- -90: 41.6760218 -30- -60: -2.882788 -30- -90: 28.493992 -60- -90: -25.611204 COMPARISON OF THE t-values FOR COLOR AND DISTACE: DEGREE T-VALUE 0- 0 9.80113964 30- 30 -10.60658 60- 60 -10.960664 90- 90 -12.105927 -30- -30 -11.765113 -60- -60 -14.122822 -90- -90 -13.61975 CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION: COLOR AND TIME: DEGREE ANALYSIS INTERPRETATION 0-30 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value. There is a difference between the times taken to detect color between the two angles. Therefore, we consider the positive hypothesis in this situation 0-60 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value therefore showing that there is a difference in the time taken to detect color between the two angles. We would therefore consider the positive hypothesis in this situation. 0-90 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value. This shows the difference taken in the time to detect the color between the two angles. Therefore we would consider the positive hypothesis in this situation. 30-60 Since the calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value, we can assume that there is no change in the time taken to detect the color between the two angles. In this case we would consider the null hypothesis. 30-90 The calculated t-value is smaller and therefore shows either no change in the time or negligible change in time to detect color between the two angles. Therefore in this case we consider the null hypothesis. 60-90 Again here we see that the calculated t-value is higher than the table t-value. This shows that there is a difference in the time taken to detect color between the two angles. Therefore, here we will again consider the positive hypothesis. 0- -30 Here we see that the calculated t-value is higher than the table t-value and therefore there is a difference in the time taken to detect color between the two angles. In this case we consider the positive hypothesis. 0- -60 Here, the calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value, which shows that there is no difference or there is negligible difference in the time taken to detect color between the two angles. In this case we consider the null hypothesis. 0- -90 There is no difference or negligible difference in the time taken to detect the color between the two angles, as the calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value. Here we will consider the null hypothesis. -30- -60 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows that there is either no change in time or negligible change in time to detect the color between the two angles. Therefore we consider the null hypothesis -30- -90 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value which shows that there is change in time to detect the color between the two angles Therefore we consider the positive hypothesis -60- -90 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value therefore showing that there is a difference in the time taken to detect color between the two angles Therefore we consider the positive hypothesis Therefore, for this particular experiment, we accept the null hypothesis, as we can see there is a very slight change in the time and the t-values. MOTION AND TIME: DEGREE ANALYSIS EVALUATION 0-30 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value. There is no difference between the times taken to detect motion between the two angles. Therefore, we consider the null hypothesis in this situation 0-60 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value therefore showing that there is a difference in the time taken to detect motion between the two angles. We would therefore consider the positive hypothesis in this situation. 0-90 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value. This shows that there is a difference taken in the time to detect the motion between the two angles. Therefore we would consider the positive hypothesis in this situation. 30-60 Since the calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value, we can assume that there is some change in the time taken to detect the motion between the two angles. In this case we would consider the positive hypothesis. 30-90 The calculated t-value is greater and therefore shows there is change in the time to detect motion between the two angles. Therefore in this case we consider the positive hypothesis. 60-90 Here we see that the calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value. This shows that there is no difference in the time taken to detect motion between the two angles. Therefore, here we will consider the null hypothesis. 0- -30 Here we see that the calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value and therefore there is no difference in the time taken to detect motion between the two angles. In this case we consider the null hypothesis. 0- -60 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows that there is no difference or there is negligible difference in the time taken to detect motion between the two angles. In this case we consider the null hypothesis. 0- -90 There is difference in the time taken to detect the motion between the two angles, as the calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value. Here we will consider the positive hypothesis. -30- -60 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows that there is either no change in time or negligible change in time to detect the motion between the two angles. Therefore we consider the null hypothesis -30- -90 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value which shows that there is change in time to detect the motion between the two angles Therefore we consider the positive hypothesis -60- -90 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value therefore showing that there is a difference in the time taken to detect motion between the two angles Therefore we consider the null hypothesis In this particular experiment also we will consider the null hypothesis, as there is very little change in the t-values and the time. MOTION AND COLOR: DEGREE ANALYSIS EVALUATION 0-0 The calculated t-value is greater than the table t-value that shows difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Therefore here we consider the positive hypothesis. 30-30 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Therefore here we consider the null hypothesis. 60-60 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Therefore here again we consider the null hypothesis. 90-90 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Therefore here we consider the null hypothesis. -30- -30 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Here we consider the null hypothesis. -60- -60 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. Here again we consider the null hypothesis. -90- -90 The calculated t-value is smaller than the table t-value that shows the negligible difference in time taken to observe the motion and color. This shows that there is not much difference between observing color and motion at these two angles. We take the null hypothesis into consideration here. Therefore, even when we compare the two we do not find much difference between the values of the angles making it very negligible. Therefore we accept the null hypothesis overall for the experiment. GRAPH: Color: Motion: Motion and color: From the above graph we can observe that at 0 the time taken to hold the ruler (distance in cm) is less than that the time taken to notice the color. Taking values, we see that the time taken to hold the ruler is around 180 seconds whereas to see the color it is 260 seconds. This shows that there is a difference of about almost 80 seconds. This graph shows that motion takes less time to be detected when compared to color from the peripheral vision. This may be due to the fact that rods are not color-sensitive and therefore they cannot perceive color vision as well as motion. Also we can see that at 0 color takes the least time to be detected when compared to the other degree of angles. This is because it is focused on the retina that contains the maximum cones and since cones are sensitive to color we can see color better here. CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Peripheral vision is noted for being course, especially at detecting colors and distinguishing shapes. Receptor cells on the retina are denser at the center and least dense at the edges. In addition, cone cells, which detect colors, are concentrated at the center of the retina, while rod cells that cannot detect color are concentrated near the periphery. Peripheral vision is better in the dark because cone cells are not very useful when there is little light or color. It is also superb at detecting motion. Rod cells, concentrated at the edge, detect motion.[17] Peripheral vision detects more motion and less detail because its more important peripherally to detect motion and not detail because its most important to know that something is sneaking up on you, and its less important to know what it is.[18] In conclusion, we can see that there is difference between the time taken to observe color and motion. But as the graph suggests, the motion is observed better than color due to the fact that rods are insensitive to light for peripheral vision. 49 [1] [2] [3] [4] Heinemann Baccalaureate. Higher Level Biology. Heinemann International. U.K. Scotprint: 2007. p 467. [5] https://www.cis.rit.edu/people/faculty/montag/vandplite/pages/chap_9/ch9p1.html [6] Heinemann Baccalaureate. Higher Level Biology. Heinemann International. U.K. Scotprint: 2007. p 468. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_colours [14] www.humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime/index.php [15] MICROSOFT EXCEL, 2007. [16] Heinemann Baccalaureate. Higher Level Biology. Heinemann International. U.K. Scotprint: 2007. p 7 [17] https://www.eye-therapy.com/Peripheral-Vision/ [18] https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=24988.0;prev_next=next