The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Foreign Trade on Tthe Nigerian Economy turn outEveryday, the need for foreign trade is on the increase as the needs of man is unlimited (Adams Smith). This is visible in the rise for consumer goods and run throughout the initiation especially with the increase in world population of over 6 billion people. Man with his advancement in social interaction and technology is subject to visualize and perceive in his mind what he desires. This was obvious with the industrial revolution where production demand increased.With the post of raw materials in different geographic zones making them ubiquitous in some areas and scarce in separates, the demand for certain goods is on the increase, which gave rise to the concept of foreign trade. . .Foreign trade exists on board domestic trade, which has also undergone transformation from the old style of trade by barter to business. In the light of this, Nigeria as a nation participates in foreign trade.Foreign trade as defined by Longe, (2008) is the buying and selling of goods and services beyond the geographical boundaries of a country or amid one country and the other. Foreign trade also referred to as international trade, can be bilateral or multilateral and involves the use of different currencies. The stinting glossary defines foreign trade as the exchange of goods and services between countries, and as such(prenominal), it goes ahead to explain that the inclination for one country to trade with some other is based in large part on the idea of comparative advantage..Foreign trade is just an extension of production, exchange and consumption of goods and services that are fundamental part of life. The Wikipedia encyclopedia defines foreign trade (international trade) as the exchange of capital, goods and services across international borders or territories. In such countries, such trade represents a significant share of the GDP. Foreign trade comprises of imports, exports, and entreports. The econ omic, social and political importance of foreign trade has been on the rise recently due to specialization in production.Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, Multinational Corporation and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the global foreign trade system. change magnitude foreign trade is very important to the growth of globalization as international trade assist in bridging the gap and creates availability of goods and services to other nations. The aim of foreign trade is to increase production and to raise the standard of living of the people. Foreign trade enables citizens of a country have access and sleep with the products of another country.According to .. reasons for foreign trade are for the following reasons uneven distribution of natural resources due to discrimination in climate, division of labor and specialization, difference in economic growth rate, possibleness of comparative cost, availability of all types of goods, increased sta ndard of living, large scale production and stable price. According to the theory of comparative cost, each country should concentrate on the production of those goods for which it is best suited, taking into account its natural resources, climate, labour supply, technical-know-how and the level of development.Akeem (2011) explains that foreign trade plays a vital role in restructuring economic and social attributes of countries around the world. Aids to trade includes banking, warehousing, insurance, transportation and advertisement. According to . , there arises challenges in implementing foreign nations involved in foreign trade is done using exchange of currency Increase in tariff, high duty on some imported goods as good as some export goods.Exposure to risk since they are transported either through the road, air, rail and sea. 2. Poor intermodal transport network in developing countries such as Nigeria. 3. Poor government policies on trade and industrialization. 4. Corruption and unaccountability. 5. Insurgence of terror groups globally acts as a threat to foreign trade. 6. Late defrayal for goods which results to demurrage and high port charges. 7. Language barrier slows foreign trade.With a geographical land mass of about 923,768sqkm, Nigeria is located along the Atlantic coast line. The location of natural resources in almost every part of the country has attracted trade domestically and internationally. These resources include cash crop, food crop, solid mineral, livestock and aquatic life. During this period, the industry in existence was the extractive industry and the scale of production was minimal. There existed trade by barter, the use of cowries, and coins as the medium of exchange.Nigeria experienced foreign trade with the insurgency of the British, Portuguese etc, who explored the country and tapped our natural resources. The colonial masters journeyed into the hinterland and assisted in the construction of the early road networks and la ter, rail lines which connected major cities to the ports in Lagos, Port Harcourt and Calabar. These routes provided means of transportation for the export of cash crops like palm oil, cocoa, groundnut, rubber, etc to the industries in Europe and America.Between the periods of 2005 and 2010, many industries e. g. Unilver, located in Nigeria relocated to beside West African countries and their home base because of the numerous problems such as epileptic power supply, high tariff on import, corruption, inadequate social infrastructure and high tax rates imposed on them by the government. These factors have affected Nigerias foreign trade, especially with her over dependence on fossil oil oil which was discovered in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State, formerly Rivers.

Unified of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Unified of the American Constitution EssayWhat was the original target of the U.S. Constitution? Why did horse parsley Hamilton want to create a to a greater extent powerful profoundization of federal governing? What is the difference between Democratic-Republican and Federalist? Analyzing and resolving total issues was an ongoing process during the eighteenth century. According to Jack Rakove from a historic perspective this book, guidelines, approval around the constitution, form political worries about reviewing in 1780, the Constitution and the clarification of the scope that the debate on the role of the original intent of the constitutional debate should be interpreted to play. 1 Also Rakove conceive ofs the federal constitution must be developed to address the representatives of the executive power and the rights and constitutional concepts in a way reflecting the highest law. The federal convention or intense political debate followed. Similar to Rakove, some sig ht believed the Constitution could give people cle arr rules to tell them what they were supposed to do or not.In addition, the Constitution could also prohibit the government from what they should not do. The government needs to guarantee freedom for people, and what rights go bad to people couldnt be violated. The Constitution also remains above the government while maintaining above the people, its like a barrier to prevent the government from expanding. The Constitution could guarantee justice and equity for what the government sometimes did, like being secretive, and corrupt, which violates and ignores the Constitution by following the money of corporations, lobbyists, and bankers that are destroying our country, freedoms, economy, and our way of life. It provides a set of hard-fast rules for the creation and perpetuation of a Legislature, an Executive, and a Judiciary Branch. According to Madison, he was the person strongly argued for the central of the government that would unify the country and he was the most important person to write and creation of the Constitution. People c whole him Father of the Constitution. He thought a representative government suppose governed by those smaller states.Thepower should be limited by the Federal Government because those specific areas know what they wanted and had representatives their interests. So the best way to vote was choose representatives was social system, citizens because they lived in same of the territory, it would be easier for them to agree to work together to realize their ideas. The government should protect different rights because through their representative institutions pronunciation sounds more in line with the interests of human society and the decision of the people were subject to their own interests, such as the freedom of speech, religion and the press.Alexander Hamilton believed the new U.S. court should be divided into three divisions Congress executive, legislative and judicial pow ers. 2 The government divided into three sections would provide checks and balances to prevent any one assort from becoming too powerful, and that by working together in three different branches can concentrate power in the state. He also believed that inspection and repair the life of good character, or, more precisely, would give stability to the administrative offices on the other hand, that short-term services only encourage politicians to focus on re-election, quite than the rule in this country. Hamilton also thought people should have bicameral one is upper chamber, called the Senate, including the elite aristocracy of the country, and one is lower chamber, called the General Assembly. Would be the seat of democracy for the American people, Senator Election lifes by the House of Lords and the elected representatives of the elected term of three years.According to George Washington, from all classes of Citizens, The aspect on the days of difficulty and danger which are pas t is rendered the more sweet, from a consciousness that they are succeeded by days of uncommon prosperity and security. angiotensin-converting enzyme says George Washington was a very passionate, very proud man. In this sense, he was seen as a quiet man. His pride came from a sense of honor. This was reflected in he would do everything, and He showed humility, when he was appointed commander of the Continental Army s commander in chief, he said he did not think he had the ability to task, but it needed to start with all his strength. He also had a heart of gratitude and sincere attitude. He respected the views of theCongress he would make every effort to live up to their expectations. His believed in public service his entire life, if you sport or tooted his horn to get the job, then you are not eligible to sow themselves. In conclusion, the differences between James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were James Madison believed in a limited federal government, and Alexander Hamilton believed in a strong, extensive federal government.George Washington was friends with Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington was also a Federalist, so he believed in a strong central government because George Washington believed that if our nation would survive then we would need a strong government and the government needed rules to go by or they would basically rule over Americans. But they all have their different ways to seeing and saying the same ideas about the constitution in the eighteenth century. On the other hand, the similarity between James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington were having similar ideas about the constitution in eighteenth century. They all want to make the combination of the constitution of U.S. because it can protect all of our rights of its citizens. One could argue about the Federalists was more important than the Republicans because the Federalists make the country more organized and clearer rule for all the peo ple in the U.S.This is the agreement for the most important power of the constitution because the process of drafting and ratification of the Constitution led to the victory of the Enlightenment school of thought the full definition and addressing social and political issues of integrity and ability of the human rational nature of man and society personalities and beliefs. Indeed, the Constitution itself is perhaps best still as an Enlightenment document, also because it reflects the target, order, freedom and justice and the general welfare of its preamble and its explicit and implicit promises, the concept of limited government, civil liberties , Church and State, force strength limitations, as well as the separation of an open society.

Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform Essay Example for Free

Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform EssayThe phthisis of authorisation minimums deep down our judicial placement is non winning the state of war on do do do drugssss. This country hires drug law shed light ons to deal the tide on the war on drugs, and minimize their impact on our society. This comes from replacement platforms that argon much effective and less termsly for our government. Introduction Our country has kaput(p) to extremes to try and win the war on drugs. There is no evidence to show that they have made any real impact in ending or eve lowering the phthisis of drugs in this country. In1986 the federal government enacted mandatory minimum drug blames. These laws force judges to comply with a minimum prison house designate based on the nature of the drug annoyance. By doing this, the federal government has tied the hands of our judges to use their judgment depending on the case. Their argument for this is it get out deter wad fr om committing drug crimes in the future. My argument is that we argon treating an addiction which require both medical checkup and psychological help to resolve, not longer prison sentences. Argument for Mandatory MinimumsIn 1986 mandatory minimums were enacted to put an end to the cocain and taint epidemic that was going on in our lands internal cities. The focus was if they could apprehend the drug kingpins and lock them away for many a(prenominal) years in prison, they would lose their realm of control of the drug world. The reality of the situation is that many gang leaders be in prison today, and have just as much control over the drug trade as they did when they were tolerant men. many say that the laws have inadvertently exit a racial problem within this country. Laws on mandatory minimum sentences are much harsher on crack than cocaine.Since crack is predominantly used among Afri locoweed Americans within this country, they run intod much harsher punishments than cocaine users who are predominantly white. Argument against Mandatory Minimums We are not simply dealing with a bad behavior that is a scourge on society. We are dealing with extremely addictive drugs that a prison sentence will do almost no good in helping people kick their habits, and thus their obsolescent way of life. These people need medical and psychiatric help in order to rehabilitate them into the nine to five-spot taxpaying Americans that our country wants them to be.Many drug dealers started out as users and began to sell the drug in order to pay for their own habit. Mandatory minimum prison sentences for people who are sadly destroying their lives to maintain their own personal habit are not going to be reformed in our nations prisons. Most of the people within our prison system are their because of non-violent drug crimes. They are not horrible people who are their because of rape, murder, armed robbery, etc People who argue in favor of mandatory minimum sentences fo r drug despatchenses say it is working by putting dealers behind bars.The fact is though that most of the people behind bars due to these laws are low level dealers. In fiscal year 2005, 61. 5% of all federal crack cocaine defendants were low-level offenders such as mules or street dealers. Only 8. 4% were high-level dealers. (Mandatory Minimums) Mandatory minimums unless go by the weight of the substance that you were selling. It is clear by this data that the weights set in our live laws do not target high-level dealers as well as they were intended to. Rehabilitation Centers vs. PrisonRehabilitation of our countrys drug users not only has a higher success set than that of our prisons, it is as well more cost efficient. It is what you refer to as a win-win. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six trillion people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs on a regular basis the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair t o say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000.The average cost of intercession at a rehabilitation center is roughly $9,000. It currently costs our government rough one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in manipulation centers, the government could save a quarter of a million dollars a year. Not only that, but the parallel offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for prison sentences. Drug courts are a new safari going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only.Drug courts are set up to give number 1 time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If offset time of fenders can successfully comp permite the treatment program in most cases their crime is re carryd from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal assist through FAFSA. In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs.This in turn makes it more un probably that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very set though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive redeem on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to metamorphose their lives. It is true that in that location are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this coun try.The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be do. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off.Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, contemptible our country towards a better tomorrow. Mandatory Minimum laws within this country need major reform due to the immorality that they create. While most of the injustice was done inadvertently, nonetheless it is still there. Our country has failed to take one step closer in winning the war on drugs. It is time for America to throw it has a drug addic tion problem that cannot be fixed with lengthy prison sentences. Our country needs to change the mandatory minimum laws. Cocaine and crack need to be punishable equally.In this country it is estimated that there are four million people with addictions to either crack or cocaine. About half of the nations prison population is in there for non-violent drug offenses. With a prison population of one and a half million people, thats three quarters of a million non-violent drug offenders not receiving the correct treatment. Cocaine use has continued to rise since the 1980s while crack use has stayed steady. Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in this country. It has had research to show that it is a gateway drug. Users of marihuana are more alike(p)ly to try drugs like crack and cocaine.Studies show that most users of marijuana have tried the drug before their sophomore year in high school. educational systems such as D. A. R. E. are already in place as good educational tool s against drugs. Our society needs to be honest about the dangers of drugs. Many anti-drug commercials of the past could go as far as to say a hit of marijuana will make you kill your parents. Many commercials of today are starting to show more honesty. Instead of saying that buying pot is the same as putting money into the hands of terrorists, they are stating the truth that it does typically make you less active.This in turn usually leads to people not completing goals, and not completing any of their goals. Alcohol is the second most illegitimately used drug by minors. Education about the dangers of alcohol is equally important. Alcoholism is a major problem within this country, which typically has major make on families. Alcoholism can lead to violent households. More teens die from drinking and driving than any other way of death. Alcohol like marijuana is considered a gateway drug. This is why it is so important that we attempt to stop irresponsible drinking behaviors.Essent ially drug addicts are addicted to the feeling of euphoria that comes upon them when endorphins flood the brain with the use of the drug. Drug rehabilitation centers have found great success at treating people with addiction to crack and cocaine with anti-depressants. The bailiwick Institute of Drug Abuse is taking a different approach to the problem. They are developing a cocaine-vaccine that virtually eliminates all effects of the drug. This would ensure that make up if an addict were to have a relapse, the drug would have no effect, and the incentive to do the drug is taken away.Dealers of crack and cocaine usually were crack and cocaine users first. These drugs are incredibly addictive. For users to support their habits many of them turn to dealing the drug. If our society can find a way to set off the cycle of addiction there is hope that we can start to turn the tide on the war on drugs. Our government simply has to recognize that we are dealing with an addiction crisis, a nd not necessarily bad people who are the scourge of society. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only.These courts are now operating or have plans to be operating in all fifty states. The first drug court was established in Dade County in 1981. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA.In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated fo r a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives.It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. Along with anti-depressants and revolutionary new research being done to address this nations addiction to drugs the 12 step process is the most used system for drug rehabilitation. The twelve step process forces the user to admit he or she is powerless over the drug and that a higher power can help them restore their sanity. This has its own constitutional conflictions with the separation of church and state.The twelve step process is only one option that can be taken towards drug rehabilitation though. It could be set up where defe ndants could choose a faith based rehabilitation program through the state or a non faith based rehabilitation program. There is no one schema that works for every addict. Each case needs to be dealt with on a personal basis. They need to get to the bottom of why they want to use drugs. There is typically an underlying issue in a users life that causes them to search for an escape. The escape that ends many people in prison for lengthy sentences happens to come from crack and cocaine for too many people.Our rehabilitation centers need to work closely with the patients family whenever this is possible. Most drug users have families that are drug users as well. It is a perpetual cycle that continues to go on. It continues to go on because the underlying problems within the family are not addressed and they continue to turn to drugs in an attempt to escape the issues. Families are typically the best support system for a user trying to go clean. Without the help of the family or a fami ly like atmosphere, users find it difficult to see a reason why they should quit.They need to see the impact that it makes on their loved ones to make it real to them. The ugliness needs to be shown in order for the user to see the full consequences of his or her actions. I am not proposing that we get rid of prison sentences for drug offenders by any means. We should only offer rehab to first time offenders who will be able to show whether they truly wish to change their lives for the better. If you have been through the program once and reverted back, then you have not proven to society that you are willing to be a productive law-biding citizen.Everyone deserves a second chance, but not necessarily a third or fourth. Rehabilitation of our countrys drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inma tes used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000.The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a billion dollars a year. Not only that but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for a prison sentence. Rehabilitation centers have a success rate of sixty to seventy five percent.When those figures are applied to the prison population that means that at the lowest success rate twenty five percent of our prison population w ould become productive members of society. While the repeat offender rate for rehabilitation centers is between forty and twenty five percent, prison are seventy five percent. With our current system over half a million of our non-violent offenders will be back in prison for the same crime, while with rehabilitation at surpass it would be around three hundred thousand. The key to success with our rehabilitation centers is to provide long term avail.It will be much better off for the nation as a whole to treat the triggers of addiction before it gets out of hand. Yes it is the addicts fault the he or she is addicted, but this does not mean that we should let society hurt on a principle of stubbornness. We should help our fellow man stay clean if he wants to be clean. With long term assistance programs for patients of rehabilitation programs, the success rate can reach as high as ninety five percent. I am not naive decent to think that this high of a number will work just as well f or prisoners.Some prisoners simply do not want to break their addiction. If they do not want to change their lives, there is very little that rehab will do for a patient. Society has treated the drug problem within this country with extremely harsh punishments. We have been blind to see that we have been approaching the problem with the wrong strategy. Rehabilitation and education are the two strongest weapons in the war on drugs. If we change the lives of drug offenders, we will be able to exchange a large portion of our prison population into productive members of society.This would turn people who used to be a burden on taxpayers into taxpayers themselves. This would ultimately help the economy of America and the overall quality of life. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing about the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working . Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations.It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow.

Rudyard Kiplings Troubles Of The Empire English Literature Essay

Rudyard Kiplings Troubles Of The Empire English Literature EssayThe washcloth Mans burden reflects the puritanic degradation of the non-European world. Rudyard Kipling invites Americans to join the ranks of the British in imperializing the uncivilized Filipinos to release them of troubles. The imperial nation plays a role of a father who is obligated to raise the child-like natives into becoming mature westernized adults. These Imperialists are defined throughout the numbers as having idealized, saintly characteristics that are patri ductally passed through generations of whites for the purpose of imposing well-built culture to the atrocious adolescently uncultured. An altruistic, chauvinistic tone and purpose brings a shining idolization of imperialism just in doing so reveals straitlaced era thoughts and sociocultural beliefs. These beliefs would non have been readily accepted as part of the modern time of the late 1800s, only they were so deeply engrained into society that they shaped the lives of non only white men but of unrelated races of the world. These industrialized, patriarchal, racist attitudes have become so imbedded into the minds of race that it went un noniced as to how it affected their definitive ideas of race, g displaceer, social status, idealized characteristics, and nationalism. Kipling acquaints this through constant use of figurative language to exaggerate certain ideas and relate them to the master(prenominal) theme of necessary colonialism. The use of a similar structure for each stanza group, alongside with the use of repetition and an unselfish tone, create a sense of found and of a powerful urgency to commit imperialism.The poem is organized in a piece of musicner that portrays devote and power. He organizes each stanza into an octet. Each stanza, being eighter lines long symbolizes perfection. Eight is the infinity sign sideways and represents totality and absolutism (Properties of 8). The imperialist view themselve s as perfect being that have complete order and Kipling captures this by organizing his stanzas in a art objectner that most represents the infinite symbol. The poem is organized into an iambic trimeter and has rhythm every odd line. The unit of sound is change integrity into two syllables and stresses the second syllable (iambic trimester wiki). This is utilise to stress the importance of certain records in each line for example forthbestbreed/ stay putsonsexile (Kipling, lines 1, 2). These words are stressed because they are the ones that are important for the meaning of the lines and the poem as a whole. Two words that are eternally stressed throughout the poem are White and burden (Kipling line 1). Kipling purposely does this to relay the significance of these words as they relate to his poem as a whole. They hold more meaning because of they are repeated throughout and are stress.The first and foremost obligation the audience must meet is of a racial concern. An imperiali st must be white and of a westernized culture. This was an obvious requirement and seemed natural to the peoples of the 1800s however, it served a more distinct purpose of creating a course between two peoples the Whites, in this case the Americans, and nonwhites, particularly those who are Filipinos. This division is set up to faintly, yet effectively, create a dichotomy between the two. one expression about this dichotomy is a metaphorical delegacy of a father to a son. The son, who represents the natives, is an uneducated and unenlightened half-devil and half-child (Kipling, line 8). He is young and has had no exposer to a responsible, committed, and real-world lifestyle and lives in isolation from the rest of humanity and knows cryptograph of its complexities. nestlingren need the care of a mature adult who is get outing to search his human beings and take up the challenge of teaching them to have do with childish days (Kipling, line 53, 49). This use of language creates men, not woman, as the care giver. Child rearing was done predominantly by woman during this time however, Kipling ignores this tendency and uses a fatherly relationship. In Victorian society, men need to become fathers as a rite of passage in their masculinity (Tosh, page 79). Being a patrilinial society, the ideal child was a son he would carry on the name and inherit the essence of the family. Children obeyed their father and if they failed to do so, the father alone punishes them he is the enforcer. Although the actual raising of a child was done by the produce of women, Kipling refers to the fatherly dominance of the household. The natives will inherit the fathers characteristics and must obey him at all times otherwise they will be punished. Kipling ignores the detail that rearing children was done by women because colonialism is about taking on the characteristics of the imperial nation. He chooses to use the metaphor of fathers, not mothers, because men have a stronger wi ll to manage the depute of imperialism.Without the white man to be a father to these children, they shall remain ignorant, weak, and uncultured. Kipling exaggerates this with strong word choices. For example, the natives are described as illiterate, silent, sullen people (Kipling, line 47). Kipling ignores the fact that they speak a foreign language and, instead, says they do not speak at all. This dehumanization insists that the indigenous people will remain silent unless they assume the true language of English the only language that is in existence, the rest is gibberish. Another example of Kiplings use of strong language would be when he hints that famishment and disease will be inevitable unless they have a father to fill full their mouths of famine and bid the sickness cease (Kipling, lines 19, 20). The natives are mechanically categorized as famine and disease infested. This is used as another form of justification for colonialism. The fatherly nations of imperialism wil l put an end to this. The natives, being children, will remain like this unless they are taught otherwise. And since most of western society during the 1800s was patriarchal, the father was the one to do the job.Kiplings use of language makes it quite clear as to who the poem is aimed at in terms of gender. The constant repetition of sexist language is unmixed in the title and in every following stanza with the phrase White Mans burden. This reappearance is meant to create a clarification of who has the privilege of colonization. More words that reflect a male audience are sons, manhood, king, and the continuous reiteration of his and man (Kipling, lines 3, 26, 53). These word choices hint heavily toward a male audience. The role of an imperial colonization was solely a mans duty and honor to complete. This reflects a sexist Victorian world where males play the dominant role (Tiffert). It was a time where women were expected to be conservative, quiet, caring, emotional, and support ive of their husbands yet reliant of them. Males, on the other hand, were brave, policy-makingly active, patriotic, socially active, and problematicworking. During this time it was only fitting for men to construct colonies and be brave enough to aid the foreign sullen people (Kipling, line 7). But not just any man was fitting enough to execute such a task successfully it had to be narrowed down to an elite few.The Victorian era was a time of many statuses and classes that divided people and made certain white males more qualified to colonize over others The White Mans shoot captures this division in a few lines. Kipling targets parents to send forth the best ye breed and bind their sons to exile to serve their captives needs (Kipling, lines 2, 3, 4). Now first off, it is not considered an exile but a privilege because only the select few have what it takes to colonize. The word exile is used as a metaphorical representation of the foreign land. The natives live in a place that i s not suitable for proper life it would be considered an exile to the peoples of western society. Its very existence is a crime against nature. The white man must go and fix this land and its people. And second, as hinted in this quote, only the most intelligent and superlative can maneuver such a challenging task of cleansing and taming the untamed. The phrase, best ye breed, not only states who the intended class is, but also creates a division among the whites themselves and says that not all can undertake in the mission of colonization. The word breed brings to mind either dogs or horses more specifically pure breed ones. This allusion is used to represent the upper (pure breed) and lower (mixed breed) classes and puts a value on them. Pure breeds are usually worth more than mixed-breeds therefore, the upper class has a higher(prenominal) value, is specialized, better developed, and more idealized (Welton). But then later in the poem Kipling seems to contradict himself when he says that this process requires the toil of serf and sweeper (Kipling, line 27). These jobs of servitude were usually held by members of the lower class during this time (Victorian Era). But, realizing how daunting the challenge of colonization is, the work of lower class men must be included. village was just like any other business of the time. The rich are the bosses and the poor are the workers. The orchestrator gets all the recognition but the musicians are the actual ones to conduct the procedure. Now of course the upper class has organization skills, tenacity and many other characteristics that are vital for imperialism to be performed. Traits that Kipling so explains throughout his poem in a condescending manner. If it were not for the brainchild of the intelligent, this operation would not happen at all. Kipling really emphasizes this by choosing to only portray elements of upper class men. It is evident in his patronizing tone throughout the whole poem. For these reasons, the target of the poem can be narrowed down to the middle to upper class of society, the knights of fearlessness knights who are required to fight for their birthright to honor and duty.Kipling implies the importance of this duty to colonize but explains this by using the seemingly unrelated, connotative meaning of the word burden. He repeats the phrase, take up the White Mans burden at the start of every stanza to illustrate the white man as his sole audience it is a demand aimed directly at the reader, commanding them to take up the burden (Kipling, line 1). This burden is described throughout the poem as requiring the white man to serve the captives needs, veil the threat of terror, to fill full the mouth of famine, and the list goes on (Kipling, line 4, 11, 19). The ultimate meaning is that the conquerors are providing benefits and servitude to the conquered and nothing is mentioned about slavery, stolen political freedom, and the life toll of defeat. The burden, being of such a noble cause, can only be conducted by whites that have the proper characteristics. This is where Kiplings patronizing tone comes into play. He explains that they must show patience, be plain in their purpose, forfeit their show of pride, and be selfless (Kipling, line 10, 12, 13, 14). They must be merciful enough to end the misery of the half-deviled and half-child by filling full the mouth of Famine and making their sickness cease (Kipling, line 8, 19, 20). They must be willing to work hard and conduct the toil of serf and sweeper and not just simply rule as luxurious lazy kings (Kipling, line 26, 27). The saintly figures will never exploit the colonized but instead they bestow their heavenly touch on the people curing their diseased, revitalizing their economy, and ending their hunger. All these noble characteristics, duties, and acts of politeness are taught in western culture and are born from nationalistic passions.Nationalism is the main idea behind colonization. Kipling is e xplaining how nationalism can be harness to implore citizens to believe colonization is a necessity and that this imperialistic burden is, in fact, a natural occurrence. In this sense, nationalism can be explained by Imperialism which, in turn, can be explained in terms of Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism was born in the 19th century and soon became recognized by imperialist in the same way Aristotles ideas about planetary orbit around Earth was recognized by the Roman Catholic Church (What is Social Darwinism). It was nothing but truth and could be related to almost every aspect of human interaction in one form or another including transcendence of a race over others (What is Social Darwinism). Western nations, as known throughout the Victorian era, are by far the most superior beings in the world and the highest example, at this time, was Great Britain. This can be explained by their advances in science, industry, medicine, and even quality of life as expressed through culture. Foreign races, lack many of these same advances, naturally were less competent and weaker. But instead of letting these races die out or live horrible lives as explained by Darwin, it is more humane and noble to assist them in becoming enlightened. It is the duty of western culture to use their predictive knowledge of the troubles of these foreign races and aid them to begin with they happen. Imperialism demands that they take advantage of this opportunity and act, not only for spoils but for honest principles. Their natural, nationalistic pride should stir up these beliefs and if they do not, they are just as inferior and ignorant as the races they are trying to help. If America does not quench its prides demands, they shall face the judgment of their peers who are the British (Kipling, line56). Nationalism is a justification for imperialism which Kipling harnesses, and this is why his poem is effective in convincing his audience towards colonialism.The root of this justificatio n is Great Britain, the homeland of Rudyard Kipling. Kipling is informing Americans on the proper way to portray their nationalistic passions. In doing so, Britain becomes the teacher a teacher who does not wish to get embarrassed by the pupil. America needs to show maturity and state in empire building. Kipling is spurring America to work hard and long and to reject the lightly proffered laurel and the easy ungrudged praise of taking the painless roadway to international and national recognition (Kipling, line 51, 52). It is something that is earned through progressive work with the indigenous, not something that can be easily taken from them.

Online Shopping In India

Online Shopping In IndiaOnline shopping is the process of interrogationing and purchasing products or services everywhere the meshing. The earliest online stores went into origin in 1992, and online sellingtook over a significant segment of the retail market during the first decade of the twenty-first century, as ownership of personal computers increased and established retailers began to offer their products over the meshwork.Consumers across the globe ar increasingly swapping crowded stores for wizard-click convenience, as online shopping becomes a safe and popular option. Online shopping has some advantages over shopping in retail stores, including the ability to easily correspond prices from a range of merchants, access to a wide selection of merchandise, being open 24*7 and the convenience of non having to drive to a physical store. But despite that the online shopping cannot replace the experience of shopping in a retail store or the merriment value of going to a mall or market. A customer who knows exactly what he or she wants can look it up online, read and comp be the information, and barter for from the site that offers the best price or service. But a shopper who is uncertain what to look for, or who just enjoys browsing by dint of items on display, allow for prefer a retail store where the merchandise can be seen, handled and sample. The dcor, music and arrangement of goods in a retail store creates a multi-dimensional shopping environment that cannot be duplicated online. For many people, going shopping at a mall, department store or market is a form of entertainment and a social experience. Many people who be currently unfamiliar with computers and do not feel comfortable using the meshing to shop are not likely to change their habits.The Future growth will come by improvements to the shopping process on existing Web sites the implementation of to a greater extent online shopping sites by existing retailers the coming of age of a younger, more(prenominal) technology-oriented generation and the introduction of novel goods, services and online shopping experiences. The growth of online shopping in developing nations like India will occur as more people acquire personal computers and credit cards.Global ArenaOnline shopping, or the use of the Internet to gather information on products and services, has already shown significant growth globally.The Nielsen survey, the largest survey of its kind on the topic ofInternet shoppinghabits, was conducted from October to November 2007 and polled 26,312 Internet users in 48 markets from Europe, Asia Pacific, the Americas and the Middle East. When The Nielsen Company conducted its first survey into online shopping habits two courses ago, only 10 percent of the worlds online population (627 million) had made a purchase over the Internet. Within two years, this list has surged by approximately 40 percent to a staggering 875 million. The burgeoning popularity of onlin e shopping is a truly global phenomenon. Online shoppers can be found scattered across the globe, but the worlds most avid Internet shoppers hail from South Korea 99 percent of Internet users in South Korea fill shopped online. German, UK and Japanese consumers come in a close second. US consumers are slightly more recalcitrant, clocking in at number eight.Indian Scenario age the Internet and the World Wide Web are continuing to expand at a rapid pace, the development of electronic commerce has been slower. Surveys indicate many Indian Internet users employ the developing interactive medium to shop or browse for information on products and services, but a far littler percentage has actually made purchases online.The number of people and hosts connected to the net has increased worldwide. In India too, Internet penetration has became more widespread. Online shopping though a small proportion of the Internet activity is believed to increase in the coming years. Some of the prominent factors leading the change are greater Internet penetration, move in prices of hardware, fall in the price of Internet communication, development of better and more reliable technologies, and increased awareness among the users. Some of the various moods in which online marketing is done in India are company websites, shopping portals, online auction sites, etc.E-commerce may not have taken off in India the way it should have, yet prospects are bright. India is expected to be the third largest Internet market in the world in the next five years (Source Ac Nielson). The advantages are there for both buyers and sellers and this win-win situation is at the core of its phenomenal rise, as it is believed that e-commerce transactions will represent the largest revenue earner especially in the business to consumer (B2C) segment in India.Indian customers are increasingly getting comfortable with online shopping, and there is a higher acceptability for the concept. India has 25 million In ternet users and more is now turning to online shopping. on that point has been an influx of online shopping sites in India with many companies hitching onto the Internet bandwagon. The revenues from online shopping are expected to increase tremendously.According to IAMAI, the average number of transactions per month in India has gone up from 2 lakh in 2003-04 to 4.4 lakh in 2004-05 and has doubled to 7.95 lakh transactions per month in the year 2005-06. The online sales during the festival season had increased rapidly especially during Diwali and Ramzan which recorded a sales of Rs115 crore, a 117 per cent increase from the Rs53 crore in the year 2004-05 (source IAMAI). These figures clearly show that online shopping has truly come of age and consumers are keen to shop on the net. Effective customer communication on products incontrovertible reduced shipping costs and timely delivery has helped online marketers to seize a slice of the Rs 115 crore sales. Though a miniscule amount in the global mount, the Indian online shoppers population would make its presence felt quite remarkably. The potential of the Indian e-market can be gauged from the fact that 16 percent of Indian consumers want to buy online in the next six months, making it the third most online-potential country by and by Korea (28 percent) and Australia (26 percent) (SourceIMRB). This is an indication of a growing breed of Indian consumers who are not only better equipped but too more confident of the online transactions.LITERATURE REVIEWThe consumers attitude towards online shopping is known as one of the main factors that affects e-shopping potential (Michieal, 1998). Though attitudinal issues are thought to play a significant role in e-commerce adoption, however social-demographic variables such as the gender, income, age, and nation also affect customers in purchasing. In a study of customer satisfaction and repurchase behavior, Mittal, Kamakura Wagner (2001) divided consumer characteri stics into six social-demographic variables. They were gender, age, educational background, marital status, children, and living area.A round off of empirical studies in this area shows several things. Many studies have found that typical online buyers have apply the Web for several years, and because of their familiarity, they searched online for product information and purchase options (Bellmanet al., 1999). There was also evidence that the Internet shopper was convenience-oriented (Donthu Garcia, 1999 Korgaonkar Wolin, 1999), innovative and variety-seeking (Donthu Garcia, 1999). He or she did not appear to be brand-or price-sensitive (Donthu Garcia, 1999). From a consumers viewpoint, Yao (1998) who researched the purchase behavior of online shopping in demographic variables and behavior variables angle, found that different age groups affected customers product choice in price. Sheth (1983) considered that consumers purchase preference would affect their intention.Consider ing that Internet shopping, is still not at the mature stage of development, not too much is known about consumers attitudes towards adopting this new shopping channel and factors that influence their attitude toward (Haque et al., 2006). That content that, through motivation and perception, attitudes are formed and consumers make decisions. Thus, attitudes directly influence decision making (Haque et al.,2006). Attitudes serve as the bridge between consumers background characteristics and the consumption that satisfies their demand (Armstrong and Kotler, 2000 Shwu-Ing, 2003). Because attitudes are difficult to change, to understand consumers attitudes toward online shopping, can help marketing managers predict the online shopping intention and survey the future growth of online commerce.OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this research study is to investigate online Indian consumer behaviour, which in turn will provide E-marketers with a constructional framework for fine-tuning their online strategies. The objectives of this research areTo study the attitudes and behaviour of Indian consumer regarding online shopping.To evaluate the contribution of online shopping in India.To understand the issues and challenges of online shopping in India.To analyze if the Indian online buying behavior is affected by demographics, cultural and social characteristics.To signalize factors which determine online shopping.To examine the satisfaction level of online purchases of Indian consumers.To investigate the future and growth of Online Shopping in India.HYPOTHESISKeeping in mind the preceding(prenominal) objectives and in order to address the problem in the most effective manner the following hypotheses have been formulatedThere is no significant deflexion between the frequency of online buying among male females Indian consumers.There is no significant difference between the Indian consumers educational background and their online purchase intention.There is no significant diff erence between the income of regular online shopper and occasional online buyer.There is no significant difference between the convenience orientation of consumers who make commonplace online purchases or those who purchase occasionally.There is no significant difference in the dominance of usage of shopping online between the Generation Y shoppers (those born after 1977) and other online buyers, that is, people over 45 years of age.RESEARCH METHODOLGYThe general purpose of the study is to conduct a descriptive research on the customer attitudes and behaviors for online shopping in Indian setting.To this end exploratory or qualitative research tool would be employ, which can help better understand and win data that, shows how consumers make online shopping. Sampling designs chosen for use in this research is non-probability judgment sampling. A non-probability sample group would be used and the surveys would be mail and distributed among the Internet users chosen. As discuss by Cavana et al.(2001), when time or other factors become critical, non-probability sampling is generally used. By using this sampling design, no probabilities are attached to the elements in the population under research. However this research may able to collect preliminary information in a quick and twopenny-halfpenny way. In judgment sampling, the researcher uses his/her judgment in selecting information rich units from the population for study based on the populations parameters to answer the research question. Five 100 surveys would be conducted because it is considered to be a large sample size to serve the purpose of the research.A combination of direct and secondary research techniques would be used to collect the data to meet the objectives. The primary research would be conducted across Delhi through structured consumer survey questionnaires administered among all the people who use Internet through judgmental sampling. Any person who meets the criteria would be a potenti al sample unit for the survey. According to Sekaran (2003), surveys type is a useful and powerful method in finding answers to consumer behaviors research. To carry out the research, the questionnaire consists of a combination of several types of questions.Also the researcher will seek to review related literatures of consumer behavior on online shopping. after(prenominal) data collection the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) would be used for data analysis. Various tests would also be conducted like T Test, Z Test, instrument Analysis. These methods would help to reach an answer and come up with results to prove the findings.SCOPEToday Internet is not only a networking media, but also as a means of transaction for consumers at global market. Internet usage has grown rapidly over the sometime(prenominal) years and it has become common means for delivering and trading information, services and goods (Albarq, 2006). Since online shopping is growing tremendously in the current business scenario it is imperative to study how consumers make purchase decisions on the Internet. With the advent of Internet shopping, consumers are faced with an overwhelming amount of product offerings, and consequently have a greater degree of freedom to choose among many different alternatives. Internet shopping carries a number of different characteristics than traditional shopping methods.In India the Internet has taken root and grown along many fronts in the past decade. The research assumes significance since marketers have endeavored to cater to this growing segment of consumers. query undertaken within India on the profile of Internet shoppers is piecemeal and incomplete. This empirical research intends to research into this issue, this study among the Internet users will help marketers to plan highly focused online campaigns in the future.PROPOSED CHAPTERIZATIONKeeping in mind the objective of the research, In this research proposal, the background, contex t and theme of the study would be presented first then the objectives of the study and the research statements would be formulated. Here, vital concepts, questions and assumptions shall be stated. Finally, the scope and limitation of the study, methodology to be used and the significance of the research will be discussed in detail. So, proposed table of contents for the research are as follows AcknowledgementExecutive SummaryTable Of confineList Of TablesList Of FiguresChapter 1 IntroductionIn this chapter the background to the research area is presented. This presentation leads to a discussion of the issues within the research area which pass on leads to the formulation of a research question. This research question will be answered later in this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is also presented.Chapter 2 Literature recapitulationThis chapter embarrasss a review of relevant and supporting theories for this research. They begin with broader theories of segmentation and onl ine buying behaviour before two models relevant to the empirical study is presented.Chapter 3 Research MethodologyThe means that were used to conduct this research will be presented in this chapter. This includes the methodological approach, the research strategy, method of data collection, the sample and quality standards. The methodology is chosen to fulfil the purpose and aim of this thesis.Chapter 4 Analysis FindingsThe results of the empirical study will be presented in this chapter. The empirical findings will assist in the analysis of results presented in chapter five.The extent by which data analysis done would depend on the amount and quality of data collected through primary and secondary research. Principle objective in such a process of data analysis would be the use of statistical tools wherever required which could include the use of worksheets in excel. This would involve extensive discussion with industry representatives to get an accurate and valuable opinion. Ba sed on the analysis suitable analysis and recommendations would be fixed.Chapter 5 ConclusionThe conclusion answers the research question and presents implications for marketers. It answers whether the purpose of the research has been achieved.Chapter 6 Recommendations And LimitationsIn this chapter the limitations of this research is presented as well as recommendations for future research in online communitiesReferencesThis research has referenced the following reputable sources Literature, Journals, Articles, and WebsitesAppendices

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Cardiovascular Disease

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Cardiovascular DiseaseMohammad FaisalAssociation of cultivate to severe Carbon Monoxide (CO) drunkenness and Cardiovascular illnessIntroductionCarbon monoxide (CO) is colorless(prenominal) and odorless gas which can be very fatal and has important clinical values gener eachy repayable to the toxicological affects it can create. A broad range of studies suggest that acute CO tipsiness may ca character sudden deaths and other fatal clinical manifestations such as toxicity of central nervous system, comma etcetera In USA 50,000 cases of CO insobriety along with 2700 deaths are account each year (Lee, F. et al., 2015). However, the relationship amidst concur to severe CO intoxication and developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has not been studied properly even though CVD is assumed to be a frequent outcome of CO poisoning (Henry, C. R. 2006). Since general people might easily be exposed to CO with incorrectly installed, poorly ventilated or poorly maintained household appliances, it is not uncommon to be exposed to various level of CO poisoning as well. Therefore, in this literature review I have explored the correlation between moderationist to severe CO poisoning and cardiovascular peril in the general population ranging from children to adults. Usually carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations are measured in order to determine the extent of poisoning (moderate to severe) ca apply by CO. The articles regarding acute CO poisoning are not considered in this review since it usually causes sudden death and reports regarding acute CO poisoning and long term manifestation of CVD is not light-headed and very limited. In this review, in total 7 articles were utilise five of the studies were published during the last 7 years, whereas 2 of them were published in 2006.Relationship of CO poisoning to Myocardial injury and Peripheral artery diseaseModerate to severe CO poisoning was studied in a prospective age free radical study from 1994 to 2002 in Hennepin County Medical Center. The study was followed up till 2005 and the investigators found that myocardial injury (MI) was a frequent clinical manifestation in the moderate to severe CO exposed group. The two markers of MI cardiac troponin I or creatine kinase-MB levels were measured and found to be gamyer among the exposed group than usual. Investigators determined that the hazard ratio (HR) of patients who eventually died from MI and who died from other consequences other than MI was 2.1 (95% CI 1.2-3.7) (Henry, C. R. 2006). In another retrospective study in Taiwan, investigators examined a large cohort of patients who were subjected to CO poisoning and compared them with a frequency matched control cohort at a ratio of 14. The study was done from 1998 to 2010 and the investigators used Cox proportional hazards regression models for their analytical approach. Outcome was measured using angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and it was found that the patients exposed to moderate to severe CO poisoning had 1.85-fold higher chances of developing peripheral artery disease (PAD) compared to the control group. However the risk was much higher between the two groups when nigh comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes were ignored, which eventually supported the CO poisoning and peripheral artery disease (PAD) more strongly (Chen, Y. et al., 2015).Risk of Developing Cardiovascular diseaseSince moderate to severe CO poisoning is related to myocardial injury, a large retrospective cohort, somewhat similar to the previous one mentioned above was done considering the CO poisoning and hospitalization data from 2000 to 2011. Investigators found a solid connection between CO poisoning and arrhythmia among the CO poisoned patients (1.83 fold higher) compared to the control cohort. in addition a significant correlation was seemed to exist with Coronary artery disease (CAD) and Coronary heart disease (CHD), but the correlation was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounders (Lee, F. et al., 2015). This study was particularly important considering the fact that most of the previous studies, regarding this standoff were done in small scale. For example, a case report between CO poisoning and subsequent development of cardiomyopathy was report in a restaurant worker who was diagnosed with very high levels of cardiac enzymes along with high carboxyhemoglobin, even though he was ruled out of acute ischemic heart disease according to diagnosis reports (Kim, H et al., 2015). This type of study indicates an association of CO poisoning with cardiovascular disease but as mentioned before it wasnt enough to be convincing and required large sample based investigating rather than any individual case report to establish the association. For this reason, the two cohorts, done from 1998 to 2010 and 2000 to 2011 were particularly important in this regard.In Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), 230 patients who were diagnosed with moderate to severe CO poisoning were examined, and investigators reported frequent cardiovascular and myocardial injury (MI). Among those patients 35% had elevated levels of creatine kinase or troponin I (cardiovascular biomarkers) along with 37% MI injury biomarkers. Even most of the patients who died during hospitalization, were diagnosed with cardiac arrest, Coronary artery disease (CAD) along with ab ruler electrocardiogram (ECG) (Satran, D et al., 2006). However, some case reports indicated a difficulty of diagnosis between severe CO poisoning and myocardial injury due to a large spectrum of confusing symptoms of CO poisoning. CO poisoning is often involved with tissue hypoxia which might indicate neurological manifestations other than cardiovascular manifestations and make the diagnosis procedure somewhat complex (Grieb, G. et al., 2011). Most of the reported studies regarding CO poisoning and cardiovascular manifestations we re conducted with adult participants. However, a particular study indicated that CO poisoning may have more harmful effects to infants and children than the adults due the fact that, the basal metabolic rate along with the tissue oxygen demand is much higher in children. This study was conducted between 2004 to 2007 and reported an association between CO poisoning and cardiovascular manifestations, according to the diagnosis reports of elevated cardiovascular biomarkers among children under 17 years of age, but surprisingly the electrocardiogram (ECG) reports were normal (Teksam, O. et al., 2010).LimitationsThere are some limitations in the studies regarding moderate to severe CO poisoning and cardiovascular manifestations. Even though, in some studies- an association to CVD was shown, information regarding participants use of medication, or any previous treatment for CVD was not available which might have been influential. Moreover, some of the the risk factors such as smoking, die tary pattern, obesity etc. were missing (Chen, Y. et al., 2015). Some studies were retrospective which may not establish a causal relationship between the exposure and outcome. Investigators also suspected miscoding and misclassification in some cases of disease definition. Some other factors such as family history of CVD, educational background, socioeconomic status were also missing. Another important limitation was lack of equal laboratory data including electrocardiogram (ECG), and other cardiovascular markers which were considered to be vital for CVD manifestation as well. In some study, investigators were uncertain whether the patients developed cardiovascular disease before they were exposed to CO poisoning. Patients who were diagnosed at later stages of any study were subjected to loss to follow-up for long term analysis of CVD morbidity (Lee, F. et al., 2015). Finally, the epidemiological and geographical differences may not be generalized to USA and other countries.Concl usionModerate to severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is responsible for tissue hypoxia, which may lastly lead to myocardial injury. Other than hypoxia, CO poisoning may also cause free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (NO) induced cellular apoptosis-which all may be responsible for developing cardiovascular disease in long term. A prospective cohort study including the measurement of all these biomarkers for a reasonably long time would elucidate more clear association with CVD. It has been evident from some studies that diagnosis of CO poisoning is complex and risky to put one across any conclusion for any association. So, other than depending on hospital based data, some other animal models like mouse can be used in this purpose at times.Also, some studies showed some different clinical patterns of CO poisoning and CVD. In one study, a group of participants showed the presence of less cardiac risk factors even though they were subjected to severe CO poiso ning. On the other hand, some other participants showed the presence of higher cardiac risk factors objet dart they were subjected to moderate CO poisoning. Age and heart dysfunctions of some specific location e.g. left ventricular function were found to be coherent with the observed risk factors (Satran, D et al., 2006). In this regard these data need to be considered, even though many retrospective studies lacked these data. So, it can be said that future studies willing definitely require the evaluation of serial biomarkers along with electrocardiogram (ECG) of all participants, who are exposed to moderate to severe CO poisoning. This will definitely helper the therapeutic approach along with developing proper strategies to prevent any cardiovascular disease associated with moderate to severe CO poisoning.ReferencesChen, Y., Lin, T., Dai, M., Lin, C., Hung, Y., Huang, W., Kao, C. (2015, 10). Risk of Peripheral arterial blood vessel Disease in Patients With Carbon Monoxide Poi soning. Medicine, 94(40). doi10.1097/md.0000000000001608Grieb, G., Simons, D., Piatkowski, A., Altiok, E., Eppstein, R. J., Bernhagen, J., Pallua, N. (2011, 06). Carbon monoxide intoxication versus myocardial infarction An easy diagnosis? Burns, 37(4). doi10.1016/j.burns.2011.01.002Henry, C. R. (2006, 01). Myocardial Injury and Long-term deathrate Following Moderate to Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Jama, 295(4), 398. doi10.1001/jama.295.4.398Kim, H., Chung, Y. K., Kwak, K. M., Ahn, S., Kim, Y., Ju, Y., Kim, E. (2015, 04). Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced cardiomyopathy from charcoal at a barbecue restaurant A case report. muniment of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 27(1). doi10.1186/s40557-015-0063-2Lee, F., Chen, W., Lin, C., Kao, C. (2015, 03). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Subsequent Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Medicine, 94(10). doi10.1097/md.0000000000000624Satran, D., Henry, C., Adkinson, C. (2006, 03). Cardiovascular Manifestations of Moderate to Severe Carb on Monoxide Poisoning. Annals of tinge Medicine, 47(3), 298. doi10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.01.009Teksam, O., Gumus, P., Bayrakci, B., Erdogan, I., Kale, G. (2010, 08). Acute cardiac effects of carbon monoxide poisoning in children. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 17(4), 192-196. doi10.1097/mej.0b013e328320ad48

Water Girl :: Original Writing

Anne stood on the beach, paralysed with fear. Around her she could vaguely hear the sound of her mothers terrified screams. She knew on that point was something she had to do, but her mind was blank, and her legs wouldnt move. Then, a memory filled her mind. A horrible memory...She was standing on another beach, a small, cold beach. Preparing to go into the water for a swim, when she heard a scream. feeling up, she saw her best recall dose, Amelia, wave her hand frantically, and then she went under. At first, Anne thought it was a joke. "Huh, just like Amelia to do something like this". But when her friend didnt resurface, Anne started to panic. She started running, and then swam, for her friends life depended on it. The current was so strong. Annes mind was swirling. What was she going to do? The water kept drag her prickle towards the shore. Then Anne caught a glimpse of Amelia, being swept away into the vast oceanA few days later, Anne was standing on the fake of St . Brigids church, interpretation a special poem that she had written in the memory of Amelia. As she was reading the second verse ,when a verge of tears all at once serve over her, and she knew she couldnt go on. She finally whispered, "I love you Amelia, please forgive me", before running off the alter...Annes little brother, Joe, was compete on the beach, building a sand-castle. Nobody noticed when he toddled off into the water. Suddenly, his mother started screaming at the top of her lungs. "Joe Oh my God, Joe" Every body looked to where she was pointing. Sure enough, there was Joe, a good bit out from the shore. And he was in trouble. Suddenly, Annes memories of Joe came flooding back. His laugh, his little cheeky smile. She loved her little brother, with all her might .She had to do something And tumultuousAnne raced towards the water. She swam with fast, powerful strokes. She could see Joes little face bobbing in the water. Then for a moment it disappeared . Finally she reached the spot where he went down.Water fille Original Writing Anne stood on the beach, paralysed with fear. Around her she could vaguely hear the sound of her mothers terrified screams. She knew there was something she had to do, but her mind was blank, and her legs wouldnt move. Then, a memory filled her mind. A horrible memory...She was standing on another beach, a small, cold beach. Preparing to go into the water for a swim, when she heard a scream. Looking up, she saw her best friend, Amelia, wave her hand frantically, and then she went under. At first, Anne thought it was a joke. "Huh, just like Amelia to do something like this". But when her friend didnt resurface, Anne started to panic. She started running, and then swam, for her friends life depended on it. The current was so strong. Annes mind was swirling. What was she going to do? The water kept pulling her back towards the shore. Then Anne caught a glimpse of Amelia, being swept away into the vast oceanA few days later, Anne was standing on the alter of St. Brigids church, reading a special poem that she had written in the memory of Amelia. As she was reading the second verse ,when a verge of tears suddenly washed over her, and she knew she couldnt go on. She finally whispered, "I love you Amelia, please forgive me", before running off the alter...Annes little brother, Joe, was playing on the beach, building a sand-castle. Nobody noticed when he toddled off into the water. Suddenly, his mother started screaming at the top of her lungs. "Joe Oh my God, Joe" Every body looked to where she was pointing. Sure enough, there was Joe, a good bit out from the shore. And he was in trouble. Suddenly, Annes memories of Joe came flooding back. His laugh, his little cheeky smile. She loved her little brother, with all her might .She had to do something And fastAnne raced towards the water. She swam with fast, powerful strokes. She could see Joes little face bobbing in the water. Then for a moment it disappeared. Finally she reached the spot where he went down.